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Important Citizenship Site to be Preserved

Posted November 9, 2011 by Patrick Young, Esq.

This blog is part of The Immigrants’ Civil War.

The United States government, because of bad economic times, has done little to mark the 150th Anniversary of the Civil War. This is unfortunate because one of the war’s legal outcomes, the 14th Amendment, created a new definition of citizenship that encompassed both African Americans and naturalized citizens. It also made all of the children of immigrants born here United States citizens. More than 100 million of us would not be citizens if it was not for the 14th Amendment.

Last month, President Obama designated one of the most important sites on the path to the 14th Amendment as a National Monument.

Fortress Monroe is less than an hour east of Colonial Williamsburg. At the very point of a peninsula, it was a tiny, but impervious, piece of United States territory in the heart of Confederate Virginia.

Fortress Monroe during the Civil War

In 1861, three enslaved black men, risking torture or execution if captured by the Confederates, escaped to the fortress. Under the Dred Scott decision, these three slaves were not United States citizens and under United States law the army commander was obliged to return them to the white man who claimed to own them.
Union General Ben Butler had to decide what to do with Frank Baker, Shepard Mallory and James Townsend. He decided not to return them. With that decision, hundreds of black men and women began walking off plantations in coastal Virginia heading towards Fortress Monroe. Thus began the self-emancipation of tens of thousands of blacks which would speed the issuance of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, the destruction of slavery with the 13th Amendment, and the blanket recognition of the American citizenship of non-whites in the 14th Amendment.

Fortress Monroe is not only an important site in the history of citizenship, it is also ground zero in the forced migration of blacks to America. In 1619 a ship unloaded the first black slaves in the thirteen original colonies on the spot where the fortress would later be built. Visiting Fortress Monroe will remind us both of the destructive kidnapping and enslavement of people of color, and of the beginning of their march towards citizenship.

Refugees from slavery arrive at Fortress Monroe during the Civil War

The Immigrants’ Civil War is a series that will examine the role of immigrants in our bloodiest war. Articles will appear monthly between 2011 and 2015, the 150th Anniversary of the Civil War. Here are the articles we have published so far:

1. Immigrant America on the Eve of the Civil War - Take a swing around the United States and see where immigrants were coming from and where they were living in 1861.

2. 1848: The Year that Created Immigrant America - Revolutions in Europe, famine and oppression in Ireland, and the end of the Mexican War made 1848 a key year in American immigration history.

3. Carl Schurz: From German Radical to American Abolitionist- A teenaged revolutionary of 1848, Carl Schurz brought his passion for equality with him to America.

4. Immigrant Leader Carl Schurz Tells Lincoln to Stand Firm Against Slavery.

5. ...And the War Came to Immigrant America -The impact of the firing on Fort Sumter on America’s immigrants

6. The Rabbi Who Seceded From the South

7. The Fighting 69th-Irish New York Declares War

8. The Germans Save St. Louis for the Union

9. New York’s Irish Rush to Save Washington

10. Immigrant Day Laborers Help Build the First Fort to Protect Washington-The Fighting 69th use their construction skills.

11. Carl Schurz Meets With Lincoln To Arm the Germans

12. Immigrants Rush to Join the Union Army-Why?- The reasons immigrants gave for enlisting early in the war.

13. Why the Germans Fought for the Union

14. Why Did the Irish Fight When They Were So Despised?

15. The “Sons of Garibaldi” Join the Union Army